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Cytokines: cell communication molecules

Cytokines: cell communication molecules

Cytokines are small molecules important in cell signaling. Much like hormones, they are secreted by various cells to act as chemical messengers, affecting the behavior of other cells. Cytokines are regulators of adaptive and innate immunity, controlling the intensity...
Types of immunotherapy used in cancer treatment

Types of immunotherapy used in cancer treatment

Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that stimulates or restores the body’s own immune system to fight infection and disease. There are various types of immunotherapies used to treat cancer today, and still more being developed and used in clinical trials. Targeted...
How the immune system responds to foreign invaders

How the immune system responds to foreign invaders

The immune system is made up of two branches: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Both systems work cooperatively, with the adaptive system relying on the innate system to let it know about potential pathogens. Innate Immunity The innate immune system is the first...